The Compressing of soil due to traffic of agricultural machines and tillage tools which affect on the soil physical features and performance of agriculture production is going to become worst by mechanization of agriculture and vast application of tools. In this research, as a split plot experiment based on a completely randomized blok desing has been used and the effect of three types of tillage (moldboard plow-without moldboard plow and chisel plow) on two levels with and without subsoiling on selected plant and soil parameters was studied. Soil parameters under study included:1-moisture content 2-Bulk density of soil ,before and two months after planting in two depth of (0-10cm) and (10-20cm)and plant parameters included:1-The percentage of germination 2-plant dry matter. analysis of variance and Duncans multiple range test for comparision of means has been used. It was determined that in plots with subsoiler, the treatment of bz (subsoiler+moldboard plow)had a significant difference with az(subsoiler+chisel) and cz (subsoiler+without moldboard).On the other hand in plots without subsoiler a chisel showed a siginificant difference with b (moldboard plow) and c(without moldboard plow).

Kopeh-Kari is the most common method for improving mountainous rangelands in Iran. The environmental constraints, such as air dryness, high and low temperatures, wind, low soil fertility, and animal grazing can lead to high mortality of seedlings, which have been established in the Kopeh-kari small basins. Therefore, we investigated the possibility of seeding under the canopy of rangeland shrubs. Seeds of Bromus kopetdaghensis (a perennial forage grass) were sown in open areas (kopeh-kari) or under the canopy of three rangeland shrubs, i.e. Astragalus mesedensis Bunge, Acantholimon sp and Artemisia khorasanica Podl. Results indicated higher soil moisture, nutrients and organic carbon, which were coincident with the improved establishment of Bromus seedling, under the shrub canopies as compared with the open areas. However, the facilitation effect was dependent on the shrub growth form, the time of measurement, and the type of environmental factors. Lower competition for light, higher accumulation of litter and organic matter, and probably capability for fixing the atmospheric nitrogen, enhanced the facilitation effect of Astragalus on the establishment of Bromus seedlings under its canopy. On the other hand, lower light intensity and soil fertility caused to lower facilitation capabilities for Acantholimon and Artemisia, respectively. In conclusion, our results show the method of range seeding under the shrub canopies as potentially successful for improving the mountainous rangelands. However, this method is to be tested under the contrasting conditions, for knowing its strength and weakness as compared with the other restoration methods.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the bevel gear FORGE process with finite element method by means of Super FORGE software and to compare it with the experimental results. Also a comparison between the microstructure of machining gears and FORGE gears after applying heat treatment on them is done. After committing the metallography experiments, we observe that the microstructure of FORGEd gears has tinier martensites with short distances in gears surface, but machining gear has greater martensites with long distances. The obtained results show that the method of pieces production just before applying the heat treatment process will have a high effectiveness on the microstructure. Also, increasing in billet diameter that results billte’s heigh deduction, will cause pressure tonnage increasing. The obtained results of the simulation process show at the end of this paper.  

Baby CORN is a premature ear of maize that is harvested as dehusked vegetable CORN at 2-3 days after silking before fertilization. No enough attention has been paid to this kind of maize in the literature. In order to investigate the effect of planting density and pattern on yield and some qualitative and morphological traits in baby CORN hybrid KSC403su a field experiment was conducted at College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran in 2014. The treatments were plant density at four levels: 100, 125, 150 and 175 thousands plant ha-1 and three planting patterns: one, two and three rows which arranged in factorial based on a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that yield, solar radiation, total soluble solid (TTS) and a majority of morphological traits of baby CORN were significantly affected by the treatments and their interactions. With increasing of the number of rows and plant density, leaf area and plant height were increased, while the number of tillers per plant, number of ears per plant, husked and dehusked ear yield, husked and dehusked ear weight and ear diameter were decreased. The highest husked and dehusked ear yield were obtained in 150 thousands plant ha-1 and single row planting pattern with average of 1834 and 9128 Kg ha-1, respectively. In general, one row planting pattern at 150 thousands plant ha-1 were considered as the most suitable treatments and could be suggested for achieving acceptable yield and appropriate quality.

To evaluate the different Water Deficit levels on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of forage millet (Pennisetum americanum) and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor); an experiment was conducted in agricultural research station of Miyaneh branch, at Islamic Azad University in 2010. Experimental design was split plot based on Randomized Complete Block in three replications. The main plots were three irrigation levels (33.67 and 100 percent of water requirement), sub plots were species (forage sorghum and millet).The results showed that the effect of irrigation, plant and their interactions were significant in %1 level on total fresh and dry yield and water use efficiency. The results showed that the total fresh and dry yield for without stress treatment, was 27.1 and 7.0 ton/ha per each harvest, respectively. In moderate water stress, yield reduction was 20% but in severe stress we showed 63% yield reduction, which showed that high resistance to plants against drought stress was moderate. The highest water use efficiency (0.98 kg dry matter per kg water) related to moderate stress treatment and CV. Notrifeed millet. Treatment of severe stress in sorghum had the lowest water use efficiency (0.65 kg dry matter per cubic meter of water) with about 34 percent lower compared to superior treatments. Ability of millet in water utilization for dry matter production was higher than sorghum. The results also showed that the water use efficiency and fresh and dry forage yield had significant and positive correlation in %1 probablity level. In addition there was a significant and positive correlation between fresh and dry forage yield, Plant height, leaf number, stem diameter and number of tillers as well as total fresh and dry yield of forage and WUE in millet was greater than sorghum.

Amount of fumonisin B1 in 46 CORN samples which were collected preharvest, at harvest and post harvest stages (after drying, befor and after silage) from Golestan province in northern Iran was evaluated. The samples were milled using analytical Romer mill. Fumonisin B1 was extracted with methanol-water (80:20 v/v) solvent, purified by immunoaffmity columns (IACs) and converted to fluorescent derivatives by OPA (Ortho-phetaldehyde).The mycotoxin was quantified through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector (Em=335 nm, Exi=440 nm). Standard curve was drawn between 0.3125-40 mg/ml using 6 fumonisin working standards. Validation of the method was estimated by Certified Reference Material (CRM). The percentage mean of recovery obtained using this method was 90.7 %. All samples were contaminated with fumonisin B1, the range of contamination varied from 261 to 6891 ng/g and the mean of contamination was 2658.35 ng/g. There was in significant difference on the contamination of samples at different sampling stages.

Introduction: The prevalence of diseases related to high fat and low calcium diets have caused the increase of consumers’ demand as well as recommendations of international scientific organizations on consuming low-fat and calcium fortified food products. The main objective of this research is producing a low fat, calcium fortified meat product as a healthy and functional food.Materials and Methods: In this study, a dietary CORN bran fiber, named z-trim (1.2% and 1.7%) and calcium gluconate (20% RDA) were used to reduce fat and enrich sausages, respectively. Chemical (fat, protein, moisture, calcium, ash and pH), physical (texture and color) and sensory properties of samples were analyzed.Results: The results indicated a decrease of 34-63% fat and an increase of 88.74-88.82% calcium respectively as compared to control. In addition, the samples which were treated only with z-trim had a softer texture, while a combined treatment of z-trim and calcium gluconate resulted in a product similar to control, in respect of texture.Conclusion: In this study, a new formulation for producing a healthy meat product with lower fat and higher dietary fiber and calcium content as a functional food was introduced.

Background and Objectives Improving forage yield and quality is a major concern for the producer. Sustainable crop production requires careful management of all nutrient sources in agroecosystems. Biological fertilizers, including Azospirilum, Azotobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomonas bacteria, can increase plant growth and yield through biological nitrogen fixation and increased solubility of macro elements such as phosphorus. Iron is the most important micro element for crops. Iron is required to perform many plant metabolism and growth activities. The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of biological fertilizers combined with chemical fertilizers and iron micro element on yield and quality of maize (MV 500 cultivar) forage. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plots consisted of different levels of urea fertilizer: Nitrokara biofertilizer, 150 kgha-1 urea + Nitrokara biofertilizer (Azorhizobium caulinodans), Super Nitro Plus biofertilizer (Azospirillum, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas fluorescens), Super Nitro Plus biofertilizer + 150 kgha-1 urea without nitrogen fertilizer 450 kgha-1 urea, Nitrokara biofertilizer -1 +300 kgha urea, and Super Nitro Plus biofertilizer + 300 kgha-1 urea. The subplots consisted of two iron levels, including 10 kgha-1 iron chelate (Fe EDTA) and without iron application. The measured traits were crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ash, leaf to shoot ratio, ear to plant ratio and forage yield. Data were analyzed using MSTATC software. Results Analysis of variance showed that the interaction effects of nitrogen fertilizer sources and iron levels were significant on crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, ash, ear/plant ratio and forage yield. The highest crude protein and ash of maize forage were obtained from supernitroplus + 300 kgha-1 urea and iron application. Control treatment (without nitrogen and iron fertilizers) produced the most ADF and NDF values. The highest dry forage yield belonged to Super Nitro Plus + 300 kgha-1 urea with iron fertilizer and the lowest value obtained from control treatment without N and iron fertilizers. Discussion The results of this study showed that the combined application of supernitroplus biofertilizer and urea fertilizer along with iron micro element increased maize forage quality and yield compared to the sole application of urea chemical fertilizer. Microorganisms constituting biofertilizers are very benefitial to the plant. They have the ability to enhance plant growth through increasing nutrient availability and uptake with minimal contribution to the environmental pollution, unlike the use of pure mineral fertilizers. The integration of biofertilizers and moderate mineral N fertilizer application accompanied with iron micro element is highly recommended in the production of maize forage.